The Difference Between Dry AMD, Wet AMD, and Geographic Atrophy
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects millions of people, leading to a gradual loss of central vision that can significantly impact daily life. To effectively manage and protect your vision, it's important to understand the different types of AMD: dry, wet, and the advanced form of dry AMD, geographic atrophy (GA). In this post, we'll explore the distinctions among these variations, the symptoms to be aware of, and the latest treatment options available. By learning the distinctions among these variations, the symptoms to be aware of, and the available treatment options, you can take proactive steps to maintain your eye health.
What is Age-Related Macular Degeneration?
AMD is an eye disease that affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. It tends to develop gradually and can significantly affect daily activities, making everyday tasks such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces challenging. AMD primarily comes in two forms: dry and wet, each with distinct characteristics and implications for vision.
Dry AMD vs. Wet AMD: Key Differences
Dry and wet AMD affect the macula in different ways. Dry AMD is the more common form, accounting for approximately 80-90% of AMD cases. It occurs when the light-sensitive cells in the macula slowly break down, leading to gradual vision loss. Wet AMD, while less common, is more severe and happens when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina. These vessels can leak fluid and blood, causing rapid vision loss. Both types can lead to blurry central vision, distortion, and the development of blind spots, which can be frustrating and concerning for those affected.
Geographic Atrophy: Advanced Form of Dry AMD
GA is an advanced and concerning stage of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It is characterized by the gradual and progressive loss of retinal cells in the macula, the part of the retina responsible for central vision, leading to larger areas of vision loss. As the condition worsens, individuals may experience significant impairment in daily activities, which can profoundly affect quality of life and increase dependency on others for assistance. The progression from dry AMD to geographic atrophy underscores the importance of regular eye check-ups to detect early changes and discuss potential treatment options.
AMD Symptoms
AMD symptoms are gradual, with many individuals not realizing they even have the condition until it has advanced. Symptoms to watch for include:
- Blurry central vision
- Distortion or wavering lines in your vision
- Blind spots in your field of vision
- Need for brighter light
- Reduced color perception
Being aware of these symptoms is the first step toward early intervention, which can improve outcomes.
Treating AMD
Treatment options for AMD vary based on the type and severity:
Dry AMD
For intermediate-to-late dry AMD, high-dose dietary supplements (containing Vitamin C, Vitamin E, lutein, zeaxanthin, zinc, and copper) can slow the progression of the disease. Additionally, photobiomodulation is an emerging treatment for dry AMD that uses specific wavelengths of red and near-infrared light to stimulate retinal cell function.
Wet AMD
The standard treatment for wet AMD is anti-VEGF injections, where medications are injected directly into the eye to block the proteins that cause new blood vessels to grow and leak. Additional treatments include photodynamic therapy (PDT) and laser surgery. PDT involves injecting a light-sensitive drug into a vein, which is then activated by a special laser to destroy leaking blood vessels without harming healthy tissue, while laser surgery utilizes intense laser beams to target and eliminate actively leaking, abnormal blood vessels.
Geographic Atrophy
Two FDA-approved eye injections can slow the progression of GA. Syfovre (pegcetacoplan) is a C3 protein inhibitor typically given by injection monthly or every other month. There’s also Izervay (avacincaptad pegol), which acts as a C5 protein inhibitor and is administered by injection monthly or every other month.
To support overall eye health and potentially delay disease progression, specialists recommend eating a diet rich in leafy greens and omega-3 fatty acids, quitting smoking, and using vision aids to maximize independence and daily functioning.
The Importance of Regular Monitoring
Regular eye exams are crucial for anyone at risk of AMD, especially those over 50. Early detection can enable timely intervention, increasing the likelihood of maintaining good vision. If you notice any changes in your vision, don’t hesitate to make an appointment with your eye care professional.
For a retinal exam, consider the expert team at Retina Consultants of Southern Colorado. Our physicians utilize advanced tools and treatments to accurately diagnose and treat a wide range of retinal conditions, including both dry and wet AMD and geographic atrophy. We proudly serve patients at our locations in Colorado Springs North, Colorado Springs Central, and Pueblo. Contact us today to schedule an appointment.